Abnormalities of digestive tract innervation in rat fetus treated with ethylenethiourea / Anomalias da inervação do trato digestório de fetos de ratas expostas à etilenotioureia

PURPOSE: The pathophysiology of abnormalities associated with myenteric plexus lesions remains imperfectly understood. Such abnormalities have been correlated with subocclusive intestinal conditions in children with Hirschsprung's disease, cases of chronic constipation and, postoperatively, in cases of anorectal anomalies. This study evaluated abnormalities of the myenteric plexus in fetus from female rats that received ethylenethiourea. METHODS: Female rats were exposed to ethylenethiourea on the 11th day of pregnancy (experimental group) or to 0.9 percent physiological solution (control group). Abnormalities were only found in the experimental group. The digestive tract muscle layer was analyzed morphometrically and changes to the frequencies of nerve plexus cells and interstitial cells of Cajal were evaluated, using hematoxylin-eosin, S-100 protein, neuron-specific enolase and C-Kit, respectively. RESULTS: Muscle and skeletal abnormalities were observed in 100 percent, anorectal anomalies in 86 percent, absent tail in 71 percent, short tail in 29 percent, duodenal atresia in 5 percent, esophageal atresia in 5 percent and persistent omphalomesenteric duct in 5 percent. Histopathological analysis showed a thinner muscle layer associated with lower frequencies of ganglion cells and interstitial cells of Cajal, in all gastrointestinal tract. CONCLUSION: Severe nerve plexus abnormalities associated with muscle layer atrophy were observed throughout the gastrointestinal tract in newborn rats exposed to ethylenethiourea.

OBJETIVO: As anomalias associadas a lesões dos plexos mioentéricos permanecem sem plena compreensão da sua fisiopatologia. Alterações nos plexos nervosos têm sido correlacionadas com quadros suboclusivos intestinais em crianças portadoras de doença de Hirschsprung, em constipação crônica e no pós-operatório de anomalias anorretais. Este estudo avaliou as anomalias do plexo mioentérico em fetos de ratos fêmea que ingeriram etilenotioureia (ETU). MÉTODOS: Ratos fêmea foram expostos no 11º dia de gestação a ETU 1 por cento no Grupo Experimento e a solução fisiológica 0,9 por cento no Grupo Controle. Foram observadas anomalias apenas no Grupo experimento, sendo realizada morfometria da camada muscular e avaliadas alterações da frequência celular nos gânglios do plexo mioentérico e nas células intersticiais de Cajal (CIC) utilizando hematoxilina-eosina, P S-100, Enolase Neurônio Específica e C-KIT. RESULTADOS: Foram observadas anomalias musculoesqueléticas (100 por cento), anorretais (86 por cento), ausência de cauda (71 por cento), cauda curta (29 por cento), atresia duodenal (5 por cento), atresia esofágica (5 por cento) e conduto onfalomesentérico persistente (5 por cento). A análise histopatológica mostrou adelgaçamento da camada muscular associada às alterações da frequência das células ganglionares e das CIC em todos os segmentos do trato gastrointestinal. CONCLUSÃO: Foram observadas alterações graves nos plexos nervosos associadas ao adelgaçamento da camada muscular de todo o trato gastrointestinal nos fetos expostos a ETU.

Factores clínicos-patológicos en cáncer de mama: relación con metástasis en ganglios no centinelas: axilares cuando el centinela es positivo / Clinic pathologic factors in breast cancer: associated with involment in no sentinel: axillaries nodes when the sentinel node is positive

Analizar factores clínico-patológicos en pacientes con biopsia del ganglio centinela positiva, para predecir afectación de ganglios no centinelas, y omitir la disección axilar. Datos de todas las pacientes con diagnóstico de carcinoma infiltrante de la mama entre año 2000 y abril de 2010, sometidas a biopsia ganglio centinela. Se excluyeron las que recibieron neoadyuvancia quedando 219 pacientes. En aquellas con biopsia positiva se estableció relación entre factores clínico-patológicos evaluados y presencia de ganglios no centinelas positivos en disección axilar, utilizando análisis univariable conprueba de Chi cuadrado de Pearson y multivariable através de modelo de regresión logística. Positiva (20%). Se encontraron ganglios no centinelas positivos en 22 (50%). En el análisis univariable grado nuclear III, presencia de invasión linfovascular y número de ganglios centinelas positivos (2 o más) se asociaron a enfermedad axilar residual. Solo la presencia de invasión linfovascular fue predictor independiente de metástasis en ganglios no centinelas. Presencia de invasión linfovascular aumenta significativamente posibilidad de enfermedad axilar residual luego de biopsia ganglio centinela positiva. La presencia de enfermedad adicional luego de biopsia positiva es considerable (50%). No pudimos establecer ningún grupo de factores que proporcionara un punto de corte para omitir la disección axilar. A pesar de la evidencia analizada del posible control de la enfermedad residual axilar por parte de la quimioterapia y la radioterapia, toda paciente con biopsia positiva de ganglio centinela debe ser sometida a disección axilar.

Our aim was to determine which clinic pathologic factors can predict involve of non sentinel lymph nodes when the sentinel lymph node biopsy is positive, soto omit the axillaries lymph node dissection. The data of all patients with invasive breast carcinoma, between 2000 and April 2010, who underwent (271), was reviewed. We excluded the patients who received neo adjuvant therapy, remaining 219 patients. Univariate (Chi square test), and multivariate analysis in a logistical regression model was used to establish the association within some clinic pathologic factors and involve of non sentinel nodes in the group of patients with positive. Positive sentinel was found in 44 patients (20%). Non sentinel positive lymph nodes were recorded in 22 (50%). Nuclear grade III, lymph vascular invasion and number of positive sentinel nodes (2 or more) were associated with residual axillaries disease in the univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis only lymph vascular invasion was an independent predictor of metastases in non sentinel lymph nodes. Lymph vascular invasion enhances the chance of axillaries residual disease in patients with positive biopsy. The residual disease after positive biopsy is significant (50%). We can´t find a group of factors that could help to decide in which patients we can omit the axillaries dissection. There is some evidence that chemotherapy and radiotherapy can control axillaries residual disease. Even in this context all patients with positive sentinel biopsy must undergo axillaries dissection.

Study of the density of ganglion cells in the terminal bowel of rats with anorectal malformations

PURPOSE: To study the ganglion cells (GC) in the terminal bowel of rats with ethylenethiourea (ETU) induced anorectal malformations (ARM). METHODS: The animals were divided into three groups: Group A - normal fetuses from pregnant rats that were not administered ETU; Group B - fetuses without ARM born from pregnant rats that were administered ETU and Group C - fetuses with ARM born from pregnant rats that received ETU. ETU was administered on the 11th day of pregnancy at the dose of 125 mg/kg body weight by gastric gavage. The rats had cesarean section on the 21st day of gestation. The fetuses’ terminal bowel tissue was analyzed by immunohistochemistry to demonstrate ganglion cells. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found between groups A, B and C regarding ganglion cell densities. Group A had the highest cell density, followed by Group B and the lowest density was found in Group C. CONCLUSION: Ganglion cell densities are decreased in the terminal bowel of rats with ARM.

OBJETIVO: Estudar as células ganglionares (CG) no intestino terminal de ratos portadores de anomalia anorretal (AAR) induzida pela etilenotiouréia (ETU). MÉTODOS: Os animais foram distribuídos em três grupos: Grupo A - fetos normais, obtidos de ratas grávidas às quais não foi administrada ETU; Grupo B - fetos não portadores de AAR obtidos de ratas grávidas às quais foi administrada ETU e Grupo C - fetos portadores de AAR obtidos de ratas grávidas às quais foi administrada ETU. A ETU foi administrada no décimo primeiro dia de gestação na dose de 125 mg/Kg, por gavagem. As ratas foram submetidas à laparotomia e histerotomia para retirada dos fetos no vigésimo primeiro dia de gestação. O intestino terminal dos fetos foi retirado e analisado por imunohistoquímica para pesquisa de CG. RESULTADOS: Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos A, B e C quanto à densidade de CG. O grupo A apresentou a maior densidade, seguida pelo grupo B, e a menor densidade foi encontrada no Grupo C. CONCLUSÃO: Existe uma menor densidade de CG no intestino terminal de ratos portadores de AAR.

The petrosal ganglion of the adult cat: neuronal count, sectional area, and their respective distributions

The petrosal ganglion contains most of the perikarya of sensory neurons of the glossopharyngeal nerve. We studied the number and size of neuronal somata in 4 petrosal ganglia from adult cats. Ganglia were serially sectioned in length at 8 microns, sections drawn through a projection microscope, and those neuronal profiles presenting nuclei and nucleoli on each section were counted and their areas measured. The number of neurons ranged from 2311 to 3429 (2908 +/- 271; mean +/- SEM). Neurons were symmetrically distributed around the longitudinal axes of most ganglia, with a skewed distribution in only one ganglion. The sectional area of most neurons (> 98 percent) ranged between 250 and 1725 microns 2, with median values of 667-963 microns 2. Area distributions were significantly different, but differences never exceeded 8.2 percent in related area bins. The ganglion presenting a skewed count distribution and the highest median area departed from the rest, with differences surpassing 25 percent. We conclude that the neuronal population of the petrosal ganglion of the cat is regular both with respect to the number and the size of its constituents, with departures from this pattern probably reflecting individual variations

Cáncer de pulmón: relación entre el tamaño ganglionar e invasión neoplásica en pacientes resecados / Lung cancer: relation between lymph node size and tumoral involvement in operated patient

Entre el 1-I-1986 y el 31-XII-1990, se operaron 60 pacientes que cumplieron una serie de requisitos preestablecidos de inclusión al presente trabajo. Edad promedio de 58,8 años, 54 de ellos eran hombres. Se abordaron por toracotomía axilar vertical amplia realizando 47 lobectomías, 4 bilobectomías y 9 neumonectomías con vaciamiento mediastinal. Hubo 37 adenocarcinomas, 18 epidermoides y 5 carcinomas indiferenciados a grandes células. Se estudiaron en promedio 6 grupos ganglionares, y 1096 adenopatías (x 18,3). Tenían metástasis 124 ganglios (11,3%) distribuídos en 25 casos (41,6%). El porcentaje de N positivos según el tamaño del N fue: 0 a 5 mm, 11,4%; 6 a 10 mm, 15,6%; 11 a 15 mm, 8,2%; 16 a 20mm, 7,8%; 21 mm ó más, 1,2%. De los 79 N mayores de 21 mm, solo hubo un N positivo. El agrandamiento en los negativos se debió a la respuesta inmunológica. El 83%de los N positivos medía 10 mm ó menos (38,7%para los menores de 5 mm). El 48%de los casos con N positivos solo tenía compromiso de un ganglio, 7 de los cuales eran debidos a micrometástasis única. La sensibilidad de la citología fue del 97,4%y de la especificidad del 100%. De 37 casos de estadio clínico III por adenomegalias presuntamente metastáticas, quedaron 27 al descartarse histológicamente su compromiso neoplásico. Debería darse más importancia a la presencia de N positivos pequeños y a las micrometástasis. Por encontrar que un 38,7%(48/124) de los N positivos medían 5 mm ó menos, nos definimos, entre los métodos de estadificación quirúrgica, por el vaciamiento mediastinal lo más amplio posible